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The field of in vitro toxicity studies presents the opportunity for great innovation while providing many scientific challenges. This chapter discusses implementing standards...

Increasing concerns in respect to the transferability of data from animal studies to real human health effects further supported by established legal frameworks in many juridical...

Cosmetics and personal care products are frequently formulated with botanical ingredients due to their beneficial properties, the nature of their composition, and consumers’...

Skin sensitization is a complex biological process induced by a wide range of chemicals, from single molecules to complex mixtures and finished products. While single chemical...

There is increased interest in developing non-animal test systems for inhalation exposure safety assessments. However, defined methodologies are absent for predicting local...

The use of in vitro new approach methodologies (NAMs) to assess respiratory irritation depends on several factors, including the speci cs of exposure methods and cell/tissue-based...